Vitamin E TPGS (d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate) combines the functions of solubilizer, emulsifier, and absorption enhancer of lipophilic and poorly soluble drugs. In addition, it enhances drug bioavailability and efficacy through inhibition of the P-glyco [....] » Read More
Hypertension is a common condition characterized by persistently high blood pressure (140/90 mmHg or higher). Lowering high blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions. Regardless of outstanding result [....] » Read More
TNX-102 SL is a sublingual formulation for cyclobenzaprine (CBP) hydrochloride (HCl) designed for bedtime dosing that is being developed for fibromyalgia (FM) via improvement in sleep quality. TNX-102 SL is a eutectic formulation of CBP and D-mannitol (see companion abstracts, Fo [....] » Read More
In solid drug product formulation, the knowledge of possible interactions between the drug substance and the excipients is a crucial point for the prediction of chemical and physical stability. Often, an excipient(s) can modify the biological activity and chemical stability of th [....] » Read More
Using of nanotechnologies requires detailed analysis of existing obstacles to technology translation. Here we consider some bio nanotechnologies for the treatment of human bones, including its musculoskeletal system, experiencing the maximum load during the functioning of a [....] » Read More
Background: Conventional preparation of erythromycin ointment is available in the market as an ocular formulation. Ointment dosage form is linked to many side effects, including transient blurred vision, irritation and redness of the eye. Ointment dosage form also shows very low [....] » Read More
In this study we have used TTAB micelle as a drug carrier of an antibiotic drugs which are gentamicin and oxyteracycline. The CMC of TTAB micelle was found to be around 3.5 mM and above 26 mM it was observe to be in rod like shape. We have used additive namely sodium salicylate ( [....] » Read More
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is subtype of breast cancer is known for aggressive, leading to early relapses, metastasis and poor clinical prognosis. Significant heterogeneity and drug resistant phenotype and lack of effective targeted therapeutics contribute to poor patie [....] » Read More
Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a downstream mediator of the B cell receptor (BCR) signalling pathway and affects B cell proliferation and differentiation. Evidence showing BTK expression in the majority of hematological cells has led to the hypothesis that BTK inhibitors such as [....] » Read More
Background: Enrofloxacin (enro) is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is used extensively in both animals and humans due to its high bioavailability and the wide range of susceptible infections. However the [....] » Read More
Cancer remains a global health threat despite advances in research and technology. According to International Agency for Research on Cancer, the cancer burden will increase by about 77% by 2050, further straining health systems, people and communities. Although cancer chemotherap [....] » Read More
Paracetamol remains the recommended first-line option for mild-to-moderate acute pain in general population and particularly in vulnerable populations. Despite its wide use, debate exists regarding the analgesic mechanism of action (MoA) of paracetamol. A growing body of evidence [....] » Read More
The formulation of cyclobenzaprine HCl contained in TNX-102 SL has been designed specifically for sublingual administration. Earlier clinical studies indicated that the addition of a basifying agent was necessary for optimal transmucosal absorption. The TNX-102 SL formulation wit [....] » Read More
Eltrombopag olamine is the active substance of the innovator product Revolade, which is indicated for the treatment of chronic immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA). The molecule of eltrombopag acquires 6 protonatable sites a [....] » Read More
Aim of the study: Polygonum bistorta plant locally known as a bistort, used in the Siddha system of medicine. The goal of the present work is to evaluate and compare the efficacy of root extract of Polygonum bistorta and tannic acid against CCl4-induced damage in liver and kidney [....] » Read More
Background: Senescence leads to permanent cell-cycle arrest and is a potential target for cancer therapy. Paeoniflorin (PAE) is a monoterpene isolated from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Paeonia Alba, which has been used as an anti-inflammatory drug in clinical practice wit [....] » Read More
Pharmaceuticals are highly persistent towards hydrolysis, adsorption, biodegradation, and abiotic degradation .As a result, such pharmaceutical compounds are not effectively removed during sewage treatment. Furthermore, sewage effluents and hospital effluents are important point [....] » Read More
Wound dressings play a pivotal role in wound care by cleansing, shielding, and covering wounds, thereby influencing healing duration, cost-effectiveness, and patient comfort. Electrospun fibers emerge as a promising avenue in this field due to their diverse attributes, including [....] » Read More
Using a variety of spectroscopic methods and in silico analysis, the binding interactions between three antimalarial medications, mefloquine (MEF), lumefantrine (LUM), and pyrimethamine (PYR) and the primary plasma transporter, human serum albumin (HSA) were examined. Molecular d [....] » Read More
Extracts from plant sources have been mined for their anti-cancer potential. The n-butanolic extract of the leaves of A.muricata exhibited a higher cytotoxic potential in MDA-MB-435s & HaCaT cells in comparison with normal hepatic cells. The free radical scavenging potential [....] » Read More
Health and social care systems around the globe currently undergo a transformation towards personalized, preventive, predictive, participative precision medicine (5PM), considering the individual health status, conditions, genetic and genomic dispositions, etc., in personal, soci [....] » Read More
Despite the widespread use of hypodermic needles in intradermal medication delivery, they remain a source of pain and trauma in patients young and old. The research introduces a novel approach to active medication delivery using microneedle arrays, utilizing the high swellability [....] » Read More
Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, is driven by high blood cholesterol levels and chronic inflammation. The disruption of the hepatic interaction between Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 (PCSK9) and Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDLR) downr [....] » Read More
Drug-coated balloon (DCB) treatment has recently emerged as an effective non-stent-based strategy for the treatment of atherosclerotic arteries in peripheral artery disease (PAD). DCBs are designed to dilate into the stenotic lesions while delivering antiproliferative drugs to lo [....] » Read More
Controlled-release drug delivery systems exhibit a gamut of benefits, including improved therapeutic efficacy, reduced side effects, improved patient compliance, and optimized medicine use. For this reason, there is versatility in drug formulation for controlled release purposes. [....] » Read More
The study was conducted to gather information to assess the extent of impact of antimicrobial stewardship (AMSP) practices on antimicrobial prescribing patterns and bacterial resistance profiles among indoor patients across ten ICU and non-ICU departments at the Institute of Post [....] » Read More
The forthcoming presentation will delve into the fundamental tenets of Green Chemistry, highlighting key methodologies such as Phase Transfer Catalysis (PTC), Ionic Liquids (IL), Sonochemistry, and Microwave Irradiation (MWI). These cutting-edge approaches epitomize the evolution [....] » Read More
In response to the escalating demand for personalized medicine tailored to individual genetic variations, a critical need has arisen, particularly in the realm of diseases characterized by genetic diversity, such as cancer. Concurrently, the complexity of managing diseases that n [....] » Read More
To develop and validate a simple and sensitive UV spectrophotometric method for Quantification of Hesperidin in bulk and Ayurveda formulation including plant extracts using chromogenic compound Gibb’s reagent (2, 6-Dichloro quinone 4-Chloroimide). Chromogenic method was dev [....] » Read More
The emergence of antibiotic resistance in retort to environmental pollutants during wastewater treatment still remains elusive. Here, we first to investigate the emergence of antibiotic resistance in an environmental non-pathogenic bacterium, Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana isolated f [....] » Read More
HPTLC based methods are being explored as an important tool in routine drug analysis. HPTLC screening reveals the species' relatedness and uniqueness. HPTLC fingerprint of a plant species provide information for identification, standardization and quality control of the medic [....] » Read More
Objective: Objective of this study to find out the effective treatment for lipid dysfunction by In vitro methods. Marine algae Turbinaria ornate extracts like hexane and methanol were subjected for the analysis of the In Vitro assay on the 3T3L1 cell line to analysis the lipid dy [....] » Read More
Among the fungal genera, members of the genus Candida are most common causal organisms of human infections. In recent years, increasing drug resistance in fungal pathogenic strains specifically, clinical strains require immediate attention to develop alternative antifungal agents [....] » Read More
Infectious diseases especially associated with multidrug resistant pathogens in critically ill patients is an area of global research and concern for healthcare professionals across both private and public sector. Sulbactam and Durlobactam have been approved as a combination drug [....] » Read More
Introduction: Carvedilol is poorly water-soluble and show low oral bioavailability. Solubility enhanced of low water soluble drug enhanced by solid dispersion method. Method: Design expert-13 software used to enhance the solubility of poorly water soluble drug by solid dis [....] » Read More
Introdution: 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole is a five membered heterocyclic aromatic compound containing two nitrogen atom at position three and four and one oxygen atom present at position one. 1, 3, 4 oxadiazole is thermally stable than other oxadiazoles, these oxadiazole are very&nbs [....] » Read More
Seaweeds are ocean plants which are classified by botanist as microphysis marine algae(Marine algae).They are microscopic, Multicellular and photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. They were seen in different shapes, colours and size all over the earth. Seaweed refers to three taxon [....] » Read More
The era of ‘one-size-fits-all’ treatment approaches is becoming history for pharmaceutical manufacturing with the future encountering a revolution in drug development through the introduction of additive manufacturing technologies. The innovative elements of this disr [....] » Read More
Medicinal plants have been fundamental in both traditional and modern medicine, offering a wide array of bioactive compounds crucial for therapeutic purposes. The escalating impact of climate change presents notable risks to the accessibility and effectiveness of these essential [....] » Read More
In vitro drug dissolution is a laboratory test of drug tablets to assess product quality. The test measures drug release (i.e. drug dissolution) from tablets. There are numerous scenarios during drug development, as well in post-market life-cycle management, when there are manufa [....] » Read More
Drug delivery systems refer to technologies and approaches used to deliver pharmaceutical compounds to specific targeted sites within the body. The goal of drug delivery is to improve the therapeutic efficacy of medications while minimizing side effects and enhancing patient comp [....] » Read More
The most common disease of the entire group of myelin diseases is multiple sclerosis (MS). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats is an experimental model of human multiple sclerosis. Usually the disease begins at a young age and almost inevitably leads to disabi [....] » Read More
An electro magneto elastic actuator is electro magneto mechanical device intended for actuation of mechanisms, systems based on the piezoelectric, electrostriction, piezomagnetic, magnetostriction effects, converts electric or magnetic signals into mechanical movement and force. [....] » Read More
Objective: The surge in incidents of acute poisoning from pharmaceuticals and chemicals necessitates the exploration of effective and safe treatment alternatives. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy, underlying mechanisms, and safety profiles of plant-based detoxifying agen [....] » Read More
Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the physicochemical, phytochemical constitution and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of whole plant of Waltheria indica(Linn.) Materials and Methods: Various physicochemical parameters such Total ash va [....] » Read More
Objective: Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment, is the most prevalent form of dementia, posing a severe threat to global public health. This review aims to explore the latest advancements in A [....] » Read More
Important Alert:
X
Title : Personalized and precision medicine (PPM) as a unique healthcare model to be set up via biodesign, bio- and chemical engineering, translational applications, and upgraded business modeling to secure the human healthcare and biosafety
Sergey Suchkov, The Russian University of Medicine and Russian Academy of Natural Science-Moscow, Russian Federation
Traditionally a disease has been defined by its clinical presentation and observable characteristics, not by the underlying molecular mechanisms, pathways and systems biology-related processes specific to a particular patient (ignoring persons-at-risk). A new systems approach to [....] » Read More
Title : Is your drug delivery formulation harming the environment ? Approaches to both save human health and the environment
Thomas J. Webster, Mansfield Bioincubator, United States
Today’s biomaterials are harming the environment and left unchanged, are predicted to continue to harm the environment in the decades ahead at an alarming rate. Whether through a large carbon footprint during manufacturing, catheter waste, or extensive polymeric cell cultur [....] » Read More
Title : Drug design for the development of long-acting injectables
Thomas Ullrich, Novartis Biomedical Research, Switzerland
Long-acting injectable (LAI) medications represent the combination of a powerful drug substance and an injectable drug formulation that guarantees that the affected tissue is consistently exposed to the active molecule for an extended therapeutic treatment period without elicitin [....] » Read More
Title : Clinical decision making in advanced and metastatic breast cancer cases between PARP inhibitors and CDK4/6 inhibitors
Priya Hays, Hays Documentation Specialists, LLC, United States
Background: PARP inhibitors and CDK 4/6 inhibitors have been studied extensively as model targeted agents for advanced and metastatic breast cancer with hormone receptor positive/HER2 negative molecular subtype, the most common in the patient population. Both agents have been eva [....] » Read More
Title : Global drug development - Trends, challenges and opportunities
Gurpreet Singh, IQVIA, United Kingdom
The entire process of developing a drug from preclinical research to marketing can take approximately 12 to 18 years and often costs well over $1 billion. Global Top Pharmaceutical Companies based on projected R&D spending in 2026 are Roche, Johnson & Johnson, Merck [....] » Read More
Title : Supercritical microfluidic system for production of nanoparticles and liposomes for pharmaceutical formulation
Yusuke Shimoyama, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Pharmaceutical formulation techniques have been developed as achieving controlled-release system and high bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Formation of the pharmaceutical suspension with nanoparticles or liposomes is one of the dosage forms to increase [....] » Read More
Title : Formulating and assessing spray-dried powder derived from trigonella foenum-graecum seeds for suspending properties in the creation of rivaroxaban nanosuspension
Rama Rao Nadendla, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, India
The present study aimed to formulate rivaroxaban nanosuspension by nanoprecipitation with the ultrasonication method and was stabilized by different concentrations of Fenugreek Seed Mucilage, Microcrystalline Cellulose and Carboxymethyl Cellulose. The formulated nanosuspensions w [....] » Read More
Title : Insulin loaded amino acid conjugated PLGA nanoparticles for management of type 1 diabetes
Ashish Jain, Gyanveer University, Sagar, India
Oral delivery is the preferred route of administration because it offers several advantages over other routes. However, it is not an effective route for the delivery of peptides and proteins because of so many constraints. Insulin is degraded in the gut of GIT because of presence [....] » Read More
Title : Network-based integration of biomarkers and signaling pathways in diabetes
Prashant Kumar, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India
Diabetes mellitus, a prevalent and multifactorial disease, poses significant health challenges globally. This study undertakes a network-based assessment of diabetes, focusing on the integration of biomarkers and signaling pathways. Utilizing cutting-edge bioinformatics and syste [....] » Read More
Title : Synthesis and properties of new unique heterocyclic systems: Pyrido[3'',2'':4',5']furo(thieno)[3',2':4,5]pyrimido[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines
Anush, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Armenia
Furo(thieno)[2,3-b]pyridines are “privileged medicinal scaffolds”, used for the development of pharmaceutical agents, showing a wide range of pharmacological activities. Their annulated derivatives attracted big interest of the scientific community due to their broad [....] » Read More
Title : Development and evaluation of prolonged-release dutasteride transdermal delivery system
Shereen M. Assaf, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), an enlargement of the prostate affecting older men, leads to urinary complications. Oral administration of Dutasteride (DTS) is a common treatment, but it poses challenges for the elderly, including difficulty in taking the medication by mouth, [....] » Read More
Title : Design and assessment of transdermal delivery system containing Levodopa-Loaded Nanoparticles
Shereen M. Assaf, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
Levodopa, an essential precursor of dopamine, was widely used to address motor disorders in the early stages of Parkinson's disease. However, its effectiveness was hindered by a short plasma half-life, enzymatic conversion in the systemic circulation, limited absorption in th [....] » Read More
Title : Kisspeptin-10 signaling: Unveiling pathways in cervical cancer
Deisy Yurley Rodriguez Sarmiento, Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga, Colombia
This presentation will show into the intricate cellular signaling mechanisms mediated by kisspeptin-10 (KP10) in cervical cancer cells, focusing specifically on its interaction with the Kiss1R receptor. The role of KP10 in modulating various G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) path [....] » Read More
Title : Understanding medical education
Rehan Haider, Riggs Pharmaceuticals, Pakistan
Understanding medical education involves a comprehensive grasp of the multifaceted processes that prepare individuals for medical practice. It encompasses various domains, including curriculum design, teaching methodologies, assessment strategies, and the broader socio-cultural c [....] » Read More
Title : Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in conjunctival secretions of hospitalized patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019
Ghazala Rubi, Lahore General Hospital, Pakistan
Background: Coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) caused by novel Corona Virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), spreads primarily through close contact with respiratory droplets. This novel coronavirus has also been linked to ocular manifest [....] » Read More
Title : Therapeutic and toxic effects of enantia chlorantha (Annonaceae) stem bark extracts in salmonella typhi-induced rats
Djimeli Namekong Merline, Dschang University, Cameroon
Bacteria are responsible for a large number of diseases worrying the world today. Medicinal plants have always been used by poor communities of the African continent as an alternative for the treatment of those diseases. Typhoid fever is one of those diseases caused by salmonella [....] » Read More
Title : The development of ternary and quaternary solid dispersion-based hydrotropic blends of atorvastatin calcium
Suren Azad Ramadhan, Knowledge University, Iraq
Objective: The major goal of this current experimental study was to use various hydrotropic agents in the formation of solid dispersion-based hydrotropic blends to improve the solubility properties of poor aqueous soluble drug atorvastatin calcium (ATV). Since, atorvastatin calci [....] » Read More
Title : Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of schiff bases derived from sulfonamides and vanillin
Sarhang Hayyas Mohammed, Knowledge University, Iraq
Background and Objective: Sulfonamides are a type of antibiotic that are used to treat several infections caused by microorganisms. Sulfonamides are bacteriostatic, meaning they prevent bacterial growth. This study aimed to produce compounds with better antimicrobial activity. M [....] » Read More
Title : Deep drug discovery of mac domain of SARS-CoV-2 (WT) spike inhibitors: Utilizing experimental ACE2 inhibition TR-FRET assay screening and molecular dynamic simulations and free energy calculations
Saleem iqbal, CHU Research Center and Laval University, Canada
SARS-CoV-2 exploits the homotrimer transmembrane Spike glycoproteins (S protein) during host cell invasion. Omicron, delta, and prototype SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain show similar binding strength to hACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2). Here we utilized multi-ligand vir [....] » Read More
Title : Preparation and characterization of inhaled luteolin nano-liposomes for the potential management of pulmonary arterial hypertension
Fatma Haddad, University of Bradford, United Kingdom
Luteolin is a natural flavonoid abundant in several fruits, vegetables, and medicinal herbs. Although luteolin has numerous pharmacological activities, its low water solubility and bioavailability restrict its therapeutic efficacy. This work aims to overcome these limitations by [....] » Read More
Title : Liposomes containing moxifloxacin and functionalized with a siderophore analog for tuberculosis treatment
Fernando Rogerio Pavan, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Brazil
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that affects millions of people annually and resistance to available antibiotics has worsened this scenario. Another particularity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the main etiologic agent of TB, is its ability to survive inside of macroph [....] » Read More
Title : The role of cellulose nanofibers on co-encapsulation of probiotics and mesalazine in colon-specific microparticles for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: Encapsulation efficiency, morphology, and probiotic viability
Andreia Bagliotti Meneguin, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Brazil
Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affecting the colon and rectum, has an unknown etiology. Key symptoms include reduced pH, accelerated colonic transit, diarrhea, and imbalance in intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis). Probiotics (PBTs), when survivi [....] » Read More
Title : Lipid media with supercritical CO2 for promoted formation of itraconazole cocrystals
Yuna Tatsumi, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Pharmaceutical cocrystal is one of the crystal engineering techniques to improve the solubility and bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Cocrystal is a crystal composed of API and other molecules called as coformer. There are many fabrication techniques fo [....] » Read More
Title : Analysis for the optimal angle and injection position in retrodiscal approach transforaminal epidural steroid injection (RA-TFESI)
Pyung Bok Lee, Seoul National University, Korea, Republic of
Background: Transforaminal Epidural Steroid injection(TFESI) is known to be an effective treatment for pain caused by lumbar diseases such as intervertebral disc herniation , spinal stenosis. This study aims to find out the optimal angle of needle insertion at the time of re [....] » Read More
Title : Gastrointestinal performance simulation system for the analysis of eltrombopag formulations
Stella Kafkala, Genepharm Pharmaceutical Company, Greece
Eltrombopag olamine is the active substance of the innovator product Revolade, which is indicated for the treatment of chronic immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA). The molecule of eltrombopag acquires 6 protonatable site [....] » Read More
Title : Nanoemulsion drug delivery system of hypericin as antidepressant-like effects
Ahmad Abdullah Salawi, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
The current project was designed to prepare an oil-in-water (oil/water) hypericin nanoemulsion using eucalyptus oil for the preparation of an oil phase with chitosan as an emulsion stabilizer. The study might be a novelty in the field of pharmaceutical sciences, especially in the [....] » Read More
Title : Development of chitosan nanoparticles as drug carriers for pulmonary management of cystic fibrosis
Ameera Bataineh, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
Cystic fibrosis disease is a genetic respiratory disease associated with severe respiratory complications with problematic drug delivery. Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infections is considered a leading cause of pulmonary morbidity in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Levof [....] » Read More
Title : Polymeric-based formulation for intelligent drug delivery
Mutaz S. Salem, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
Conventional oral formulations are mainly absorbed in the small intestine. This limits their use in the treatment of some diseases associated with the colon, where the drug has to act topically at the inflammation site. This paved the way for the development of a smart colonic dr [....] » Read More
Title : Strategies for self-medication practice amongst selected households in Ethiopian rural areas
Seifu Hailu Ambissa, Yanet Health and Business College, Ethiopia
This study investigated prevalence and determinants of self-medication practice, with the intention to develop a strategy to reduce irresponsible self-medication practice among rural households in Gimbichu district, Ethiopia. The study was quantitative, descriptive cross-sectiona [....] » Read More
Title : Formulation, optimization and in vitro characterization of microcapsules of Cymbopogan martini essential oil
Christina Haile Shoddo, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Ethiopia
Complex coacervation is one of the microencapsulation techniques by which encapsulated substances release profile improved. This study was conducted by using complex coacervation to formulate and optimize microcapsules of the Cymbopogan martini essential oil. Preliminary st [....] » Read More
Title : Influence of some medicinal plants on the crystallization of ammonium-magnesium phosphate hexahydrate (struvite)
Benahmed Nacira, Tahri Mohamed University, Algeria
Urinary stones (urolithiasis) are a disease resulting from the presence of stones in the kidneys or urinary tract. It constitutes a major problem to public health. Struvite (STR) is among the most important phosphate stones caused this disease, and are one of the risk factors tha [....] » Read More
Title : Study of the adsorption of methylene blue by the biomass of Acacia radianna
Agha Leila, University of Bechar Algeria, Algeria
A pollutant Refers to a physical, chemical or biological agent which causes discomfort or a nuisance in the liquid or gaseous medium. In the broad sense, the term designates agents which are at the origin of an alteration of the qualities of the environment, even if it is present [....] » Read More