Title : Microplastics in the human testis: New evidence, mechanism, and pharmacological implication in the male reproductive health
Abstract:
The problem of microplastic pollution has become one of the most significant and significant environmental and toxicological issues, and the evidence of its occurrence in human tissues increases. Recent observations of microplastics in human testicular tissue have brought about serious concerns on the issue of male reproductive toxicity and fertility. The endocrine and spermatogenic processes of the testes make it very vulnerable to xenobiotic damage. This review critically assesses the emerging human evidence as well as the experimental and animal studies in order to explain the possible mechanisms of microplastic-induced testicular dysfunction. The evidence suggests that microplastics may penetrate biological barriers, such as the blood testis barrier, and cause toxicity by the production of oxidative stress, the activation of inflammation, endocrine dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the dysregulation of Sertoli and Leydig cells. Such molecular and cellular changes can eventually damage spermatogenesis and testosterone production. Pharmacologically and toxicologically, microplastics can also act as vectors of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and heavy metals and increase reproductive toxicity. This review identifies some of the significant methodological issues, existing knowledge gaps, and future research needs to ensure proper reproductive risk assessment and generation of regulatory and preventive measures that could safeguard male reproductive health.
Keywords: Microplastics; Human testis; Testicular toxicity; Male reproductive health; Oxidative stress; Endocrine disruption; Reproductive toxicology.
